Vascularization Approaches in Tissue Engineering: Recent Developments on Evaluation Tests and Modulation

This review focuses on vascularization and strategies involved in its evaluation
and modulation. Clinical issues associated with engineered tissues of an atomically relevant size
that require a vascular network to supply their cells with nutrients and oxygen are analyzed in
terms of vascular network formation within scaffolds, which can be produced from varying
biomaterials, with the capability of connecting to the vasculature of the patient. Developing
angiogenesis techniques and monitoring of angiogenesis development as well as how these
methods can be further utilized to tailor vascularization within large tissue engineered
constructs are also discussed. Finally, we offer a glimpse toward the future by providing an
outlook for vascularization and associated emerging bioprinting concepts in tissue engineering
applications.