The rise of in vitro models in investigating tumor-induced cachexia

Tumor-induced cachexia (TiC) is a multifactorial condition characterized by skeletal muscle/adipose tissue loss and chronic inflammation that is inherently linked to poor cancer prognosis. 

Current pre-clinical research relies heavily on animal models, which face ethical, financial, and translational limitations. 

In vitro monoculture systems (e.g., C2C12 (muscle), 3T3-L1 (adipose tissue) monolayers) are widely used but limited in physiological relevance. 

Advanced co-culture systems, 3D bioprinted models, and organ-on-a-chip technologies offer improved mimicry of tumor-host crosstalk, supporting better diagnosis and drug screening.