Biochemical gradients to form a 3-D osteochondral in vitro model

Gradients of 3-D complex functional patterns at micro-scale are common in nature [1]. While diverse fabrication techniques based on material science, micro-scale engineering, and microfluidics have been used to synthesize biomimetic and tailored microenvironments [2,3], a great need is still present for improved methods of gradient tissue engineering. Here, we developed the precise spatial control over both cell/tissue phenotype and pre-vasculature formation, which opens-up possibilities for the study of complex tissues interfaces, with broader applications in drug testing and regenerative medicine.