Carrageenan-Based Hydrogels as Potential Systems for the Delivery of PDGF in Bone Tissue Regeneration Strategies

One of the major drawbacks found in most bone tissue engineering approaches developed so far consists in the
lack of strategies to promote vascularisation. Some studies have addressed different issues that may enhance
vascularisation in tissue engineered constructs, most of them involving the use of growth factors (GFs) that are
involved in the restitution of the vascularity in a damaged zone. The use of sustained delivery systems might also
play an important role in the re-establishment of angiogenesis. In this study, κ-carrageenan, a naturally occurring
polymer, was used to develop hydrogel beads with the ability to incorporate GFs with the purpose of establishing
an effective angiogenesis mechanism. Some processing parameters were studied and their influence on the final
bead properties was evaluated. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) was selected as the angiogenic factor
to incorporate in the developed beads, and the results demonstrate the achievement of an efficient encapsulation
and controlled release profile matching those usually required for the development of a fully functional vascular
network. In general, the obtained results demonstrate the potential of these systems for bone tissue engineering
applications.